Enumeration of Bacterial Isolates from Hands of Primary and Post Primary School pupils in Amai, Delta State

The presence of bacteria on the hands of fourty (40) school pupils from two different schools (Amai Primary and secondary School) in Amai, Delta State, was analysed. The reason was to enumerate bacteria isolated from hands of students. Swab samples were collected from hands of pupils in both schools of 20 students each of different sex groups. Microbiological methods was used for the isolation, enumeration and antibiotic test of the isolates. The results showed various isolates of Staphylococcus sp 56 (25.7%), Shigella sp 24 (9.7%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 32 (12.1%), Escherichia coli 41 (15.6%), and Enterococcus sp 36 (11.0%). Staphylococcus aureus 56 (25.3%) and Escherichia coli 41 (15.6%) were the most frequent isolates. The isolation of Shigella sp 24 (9.7%) and Enterococcus sp 36 (11.0%) is of great importance as the isolation of these organisms showed improper faecal wastes disposal around the school environment and also lack of proper clean up after using the convience by the pupils. Testing these isolates to few antibiotics, the isolates were susceptible to Pefloxacin, Gentamycin, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Streptomycin, while resistant to Augmentin, Amoxicillin, and Ampiclox. This study revealed that the students hands were infested with pathogens due negligence of maintenance culture. Those in charge of schools like the principal are advised to keep soap and water for hand washing, while parents on their part should make available hand washing facilities for their children at home since it will add economic value to the society, why Government should enact laws that will make provision of washing hand amenities in all areas compulsory for individuals.

Rational design of a 500 m3 fermenter for erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea / 生物工程学报

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Its yield is greatly affected by the fermentation conditions and the bioreactor configurations. In this study, a novel scale-up method for erythromycin fermentation was developed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and time constant analysis. Firstly, the dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined as a key parameter according to the physiological properties of S. erythraea cultivated in a 50 L bioreactor. It was found that the time constant of oxygen supply (tmt) in a 500 m3 bioreactor should be less than 6.25 s in order to satisfy the organism's oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Subsequently, a 500 m3 bioreactor was designed using the time constant method combined with empirical correlations. The impeller combination with one BDT8 impeller at bottom and two MSX4 impellers at upper part was determined, and then validated by numerical simulation. The results indicated that the tmt of the bioreactor (< 6.25 s) and the fluid properties, including gas hold-up, shear stress and fluid vector, met the requirements of erythromycin fermentation. Finally, the industrial production of erythromycin in the 500 m3 showed the design method was applicable in large scale fermentation.

Uso de eritromicina como procinético para cesárea con cuatro horas de ayuno / Use of erythromycin as a prokinetic for cesarean section with four hours of fasting

Resumen: El ayuno preoperatorio es fundamental como requisito previo a la mayoría de cirugías tanto para las electivas como para las urgencias relativas. Sin embargo, no siempre se cumplen las condiciones idóneas al momento de abordar a un paciente y la falta de ayuno es una condición que puede poner en riesgo la vida del mismo, siendo un factor de riesgo mayúsculo para la broncoaspiración del contenido gástrico. Hasta el momento se cuenta con un reducido arsenal farmacológico de medicamentos que con distinta función e intensidad aceleran el vaciamiento gástrico; la eritromicina no se encuentra en esta lista de manera oficial. A pesar de que ya ha sido utilizada ampliamente con este fin en el ámbito de los procedimientos endoscópicos, no existen aún suficientes reportes en los que se haya puesto a prueba su eficacia procinética en cirugía de urgencia, específicamente una cesárea. Este artículo, además de ofrecer un breve sumario de dicho macrólido, presenta el caso de una paciente embarazada con ingesta alimenticia reciente, en la cual se obtuvieron las condiciones idóneas para cirugía tan sólo cuatro horas después de la administración de la eritromicina.

Abstract: Preoperative fasting is essential as a prerequisite for most surgeries, either elective procedures or relative emergencies. However, the ideal conditions for surgery are not always fulfilled at the time of approaching a patient, and the lack of fasting is a factor that could endanger patient's life, being a major risk factor for bronchoaspiration of gastric content. Until now there is a small pharmacological list of medications that with different function and intensity accelerate gastric emptying, erythromycin is not officially on this list. Despite the fact that it has already been widely used for this purpose in the field of endoscopic procedures, there are not enough reports about its efficacy in emergency surgery, specifically C-section. This article, in addition to offering a brief summary of this macrolide, presents a case in which after erythromycin administration to a pregnant patient with a recent food intake, the ideal conditions for surgery were obtained only four hours later.

Isolation and characterization of vancomycin and erythromycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Cairo, Egypt

Aims@#Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic human pathogen. The emergence of macrolide and vancomycin resistant S. aureus is of great concern for treatment of S. aureus infections. The current study aimed to investigate the pattern of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus clinical isolates recovered from El Boos Students’ hospital in Cairo, Egypt.@*Methodology and results@#Sixty unduplicated S. aureus isolates were recovered from El Boos Students’ hospital in Cairo, Egypt for 11 months period. The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that all isolates were resistant to eleven antibiotics, but only 49 S. aureus isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of both erythromycin and vancomycin were determined by broth microdilution method. Two methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates showing tolerance to both erythromycin and vancomycin at high concentration were selected for further characterization. One isolate was recovered from eye infection and had MIC at 256 µg/mL of both erythromycin and vancomycin. While another isolate was recovered from throat infection and had MIC of erythromycin and vancomycin up till 512 µg/mL. The presence of resistance genes (ermA, ermB, ermC, mef, msrA, vanA and vanB) were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both MRSA isolates carried all tested resistance genes.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#This study highlights the concern of presence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus which showed resistance to high concentrations of erythromycin, vancomycin and carried ermA, ermB, ermC, mef, msrA, vanA and vanB genes, therefore imposes risk of failure to treat such infections.

Resistencia a antibióticos ß-lactámicos y eritromicina en bacterias de la cavidad oral / Resistance to ß-lactam Antibiotics and Erythromycin in Bacteria of the Oral Cavity

Resumen Introducción. La microbiota humana como fuente de bacterias y genes de resistencia constituyen un problema de salud pública. En este estudio se investigó la prevalencia de bacilos entéricos Gram negativos resistentes a β-lactámicos y de los Streptococcus del grupo viridans (EGV) con resistencia a eritromicina en la cavidad oral. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con 193 aislamientos de la cavidad oral sana de 178 adultos que asistieron a una Clínica Odontológica de la ciudad de Cali durante el 2018. La evaluación de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana se realizó en 59 bacilos entéricos y 134 EGV y se identificó por PCR los genes que confieren resistencia a β-lactámicos y eritromicina. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el empleo del paquete SPSS vs 23. Resultados. El 84,7% de los bacilos entéricos fueron multirresistentes y presentaron genes bla, siendo blaTEM-1 (49,2%) y blaVIM-2 (30,5%,) los más prevalentes. Los EGV fueron resistentes a eritromicina (38,8%) y clindamicina (28,4%). El 18,7% presentaron el fenotipo cMLSβ, 4,5% el iMLSβ y el 14,9% fueron M. El gen ermB se detectó en los cMLSβ, (13,4%) y el gen mef en los M (9,7%). Conclusión. En este estudio se demostró la presencia de EGV y bacilos entéricos resistentes a los antibióticos y portadores de genes de resistencia a eritromicina y genes bla en la cavidad oral sana. La presencia de estas bacterias representa un riesgo para la salud de los individuos portadores y contribuyen a la creciente epidemia de resistencia bacteriana.

Abstract Introduction. The human microbiota as a source of bacteria and resistance genes is a public health problem. This study researched the prevalence of Gram-negative enteric bacilli resistant to β-lactams and erythromycin resistance in the oral cavity. Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with 193 isolates obtained from the oral cavity of 178 healthy adults who were treated at a Dental Clinic in the city of Cali during 2018. The evaluation of antimicrobial sensitivity was performed in 59 enteric bacilli and 134 EGV and the genes that confer resistance to β-lactam and erythromycin were identified by PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS statistical package vs. 25.0. Results. 84.7% of the enteric bacilli presented the MDR phenotype and all presented the bla genes, blaTEM-1 (49.2%) and blaVIM-2 (30.5%) being the most prevalent. EGVs were resistant to erythromycin (38.8%) and clindamycin (28.4%). 18.7% presented the cMLSβ phenotype, 4.5% the iMLSβ and 14.9% were M. The ermB gene was detected more frequently in the cMLSβ, (13.4%) and the mef gene in the M (9.7%). Conclusion. This study demonstrated the presence of antibiotics and Gram-negative enteric bacilli resistant to antibiotics and carriers of erythromycin resistance genes and bla genes, respectively in the healthy oral cavity. The presence of these bacteria represents a risk to the health of carrier individuals and contributes to the growing epidemic of bacterial resistance.

Effect of CYP3A4 Inhibitor Erythromycin on the Pharmacokinetics Of Lignocaine in Subjects with Liver Dysfunction

Background: Lignocaine is a local anaesthetic agent that isalso effectively in the acute intravenous treatment of ventriculararrhythmias. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect oferythromycin, as a prototypical CYP3A4 inhibitor, on thedisposition kinetics of lignocaine in healthy volunteers andpatients with liver cirrhosis.Materials & Methods: A double-blind, randomized controlstudy, thirty male subjects (10 healthy volunteers and 20patients with biopsy-proven liver cirrhosis) participated in thestudy, after giving their informed written consent. The studydesign was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee.Patients were excluded from this study if they had a history ofgastrointestinal bleeding, severe encephalopathy or any otherdisease. None of the participants was a smoker or a heavyconsumer of alcohol. They were requested to abstain fromalcohol during the preceding week and throughout the period ofinvestigation.Results: In our study showed that there were no statisticallysignificant differences between the three groups for age,weight, height, or body mass index. Our study indicates thatonly in decompensated (Child’s class C) cirrhotic patients werethe disposition kinetics of lignocaine profoundly alteredcompared with healthy volunteers. In particular, CL wasapproximately halved, whereas Vss was increased and,consequently, t1/2 was more than doubled.Conclusion: This study has shown that concomitantadministration of erythromycin causes a moderate butstatistically significant decrease in lignocaine clearance that,contrary to predictions, is quantitatively similar in healthysubjects and cirrhotic patients. Because, erythromycin alsosignificantly increases the AUC of MEGX, which has beenshown to have 80–90% of the antiarrhythmic potency oflignocaine.Keyw

Development and optimization of erythromycin-loaded lipid-based gel by Taguchi design: In vitro characterization and antimicrobial evaluation

The foremost aim of the current research was to prolong and sustain the release of erythromycin (ERY) by preparing a solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)-based gel formulation for the safe and effective treatment of acne. ERY-loaded SLNs were developed, and various process variables were optimized with respect to particle size, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency using the Taguchi model. The average particle size, PDI, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug loading of optimized SLN (F4) were found to be 176.2±1.82 nm, 0.275±0.011, -34.0±0.84, 73.56%, and 69.74% respectively. The optimized SLN (F4) was successfully incorporated into the carbopol-based hydrogel. The in vitro release of ERY from the SLN gel and plain gel were compared and found to be 90.94% and 87.94% respectively. In vitro study of ERY-loaded SLN gel showed sustained delivery of drug from formulation thus enhancing the antimicrobial activity after 30 hours when compared to ERY plain gel.

Identificación de microorganismos vaginales en pacientes en trabajo de parto pretérmino / Identification of vaginal microorganisms of patients in preterm labor

Resumen OBJETIVO: Identificar los microorganismos vaginales más frecuentes en pacientes en trabajo de parto pretérmino, mediante el A.F. Genital System-Liofilchem®. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal llevado a cabo en pacientes en trabajo de parto pretérmino atendidas en el servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia de la Fundación Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José de Bogotá, entre julio de 2015 y febrero de 2016 de quienes se obtuvieron muestras de flujo del introito vaginal y se sembraron en el panel del A.F. Genital System-Liofilchem®, de acuerdo con las instrucciones del fabricante. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó el programa estadístico Stata versión 13 (StataCorp®) y se implementó la prueba no paramétrica de Wilcoxon. RESULTADOS: Los microorganismos aislados con mayor frecuencia fueron: Staphylococcus aureus (89.1%), Ureaplasma urealyticum (43.4%) y Mycoplasma hominis (19.5%). De las muestras positivas para especies de micoplasma, 52.2% tuvo concentración mayor de 105 UFC/mL. De los agentes aislados, Ureaplasma urealyticum y Mycoplasma hominis mostraron resistencia de 100% para clindamicina y eritromicina, respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Los microorganismos vaginales representan un factor de riesgo de parto pretérmino. Ureaplasma urealyticum y Mycoplasma hominis muestran resistencia total a clindamicina y eritromicina.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Determine the frequency of microorganisms present in the vagina of women in preterm labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional study of a series of cases of 46 patients treated at the Fundación Hospital Infantil Universitario de San José de Bogotá for preterm labor, who were sampled from the vaginal introitus and planted on the A.F. Genital System-Liofilchem® panel. Genital System by Liofilchem®, according to the manufacturer's instructions. The statistical package Stata version 13 (StataCorp®) was used. The statistical analysis was descriptive, the nonparametric Wilcoxon test was run. RESULTS: The most isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus with a frequency of 89.13%. Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 43.48% and Mycoplasma hominis in 19.57 Of the positive samples for genital Mycoplasmas, 52.2% showed a concentration >105 CFU/mL. Ureaplasma urealyticum isolates showed 100% resistance to clindamycin and 100% Mycoplasma hominis for erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Microorganisms that have been identified as risk factors for preterm delivery were identified in 93.5% of the vaginal discharge samples. For Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis, 100% resistance for clindamycin and erythromycin is identified.

Clinical significance of aluminum phosphate gel in the prevention of gastrointestinal reactions caused by erythromycin in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia / 中国基层医药

Objective@#To evaluate the clinical significance of aluminum phosphate gel in the early prevention of gastrointestinal reactions caused by erythromycin, in order to obtain better clinical treatment for children.@*Methods@#The clinical data of 110 children with Mycoplasma pneumonia from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2016 in the pediatric ward of Anhui Provincial Hospital were collected.According to the treatment methods, the patients were divided into the observation group(60 cases) and the control group(50 cases). The observation group was mainly treated with erythromycin combined with aluminum phosphate gel, some of which were given cephalosporin anti-infection, montelustra sodium to reduce airway hyperreaction, hormone antiasthmatic, atomization inhalation and other supportive symptomatic treatment.The control group was mainly treated with erythromycin, some of which were given cephalosporin anti-infection, montelustra sodium to reduce airway hyperreaction, hormone antiasthmatic, atomization inhalation and other supportive symptomatic treatment.The age, body weight, pre-hospital course, white blood cell count(WBC), CRP, alanine aminotransferase(ALT), creatinine(Cr), urea nitrogen(BUN), length of stay, sex, montruster sodium granules, atomization, antibiotics, hormone use and gastrointestinal adverse reactions(abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, inappetence) were compared between the two groups.@*Results@#A total of 110 children were selected, 60 cases in the treatment groups, including 38 males and 22 females, and the average age of children was (6.21 ± 2.26)years old.In the control group, there were 50 cases, including 23 males and 27 females, with an average age of (6.07 ± 2.61)years.The age, weight, pre-hospital course, WBC, CRP, ALT, Cr, BUN, days of hospitalization, etc.between the two groups had no statistically significant differences (all P>0.05). There were no statistically signifiant differences between the two groups in terms of sex, montruster sodium particles, atomization, antibiotics, hormone use, etc.(all P>0.05). The differences of abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea and diarrhea between the two groups were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). However, the difference of inappetence between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). The incidence rate of gastrointestinal side effects(abdominal pain, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, inappetence) of the observation group was 18.3 %(11/60), which of the control group was 48.0%(24/50), the difference was statistically significant between the two groups (χ2=11.064, P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Aluminum phosphate gel can prevent gastrointestinal reactions induced by erythromycin in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia, so that children get better treatment.

Clinical significance of aluminum phosphate gel in the prevention of gastrointestinal reactions caused by erythromycin in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of aluminum phosphate gel in the early preven-tion of gastrointestinal reactions caused by erythromycin , in order to obtain better clinical treatment for children. Methods The clinical data of 110 children with Mycoplasma pneumonia from January 1,2015 to December 31,2016 in the pediatric ward of Anhui Provincial Hospital were collected.According to the treatment methods ,the patients were divided into the observation group (60 cases) and the control group (50 cases).The observation group was mainly treated with erythromycin combined with aluminum phosphate gel ,some of which were given cephalosporin anti-infection,montelustra sodium to reduce airway hyperreaction ,hormone antiasthmatic,atomization inhalation and other supportive symptomatic treatment.The control group was mainly treated with erythromycin ,some of which were given cephalosporin anti-infection,montelustra sodium to reduce airway hyperreaction ,hormone antiasthmatic,atomi-zation inhalation and other supportive symptomatic treatment.The age,body weight,pre-hospital course,white blood cell count(WBC),CRP,alanine aminotransferase (ALT),creatinine(Cr),urea nitrogen (BUN),length of stay,sex, montruster sodium granules ,atomization,antibiotics, hormone use and gastrointestinal adverse reactions ( abdominal pain,vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, inappetence ) were compared between the two groups.Results A total of 110 children were selected,60 cases in the treatment groups ,including 38 males and 22 females,and the average age of children was (6.21 ± 2.26 ) years old.In the control group, there were 50 cases, including 23 males and 27 females,with an average age of (6.07 ±2.61)years.The age,weight,pre-hospital course,WBC,CRP,ALT,Cr, BUN,days of hospitalization ,etc.between the two groups had no statistically significant differences ( all P＞0.05). There were no statistically signifiant differences between the two groups in terms of sex ,montruster sodium particles, atomization,antibiotics,hormone use,etc.( all P＞0.05).The differences of abdominal pain ,vomiting,nausea and diarrhea between the two groups were not statistically significant (all P＞0.05).However,the difference of inappe-tence between the two groups was statistically significant ( P ＜0.05).The incidence rate of gastrointestinal side effects(abdominal pain,vomiting,nausea,diarrhea,inappetence ) of the observation group was 18.3 %(11／60 ), which of the control group was 48.0%(24／50),the difference was statistically significant between the two groups (χ2 ＝11.064,P＜0.05).Conclusion Aluminum phosphate gel can prevent gastrointestinal reactions induced by erythromycin in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumonia ,so that children get better treatment.

Synergistic effect of α-mangostin on antibacterial activity of tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin against acne involved bacteria / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To evaluate the synergistic effect of α-mangostin with tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin against bacteria involved in acne production. Methods: A broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of α-mangostin and a range of antibiotics. Synergistic effects on antibacterial activity were determined based on their own MIC, and then using a checkerboard method and a time-kill assay at 37 °C for 24 h. Results: α-Mangostin exhibited antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes with MIC values of 0.78, 3.13, 0.78, and 6.25 µg/mL, respectively. The results of the checkerboard assay showed that α-mangostin produced synergistic effects with tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin against all tested bacteria, with a fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) between 0.09 and 0.32. Moreover, time-kill curve data indicated that α-mangostin increased the antibacterial activity of tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Conclusion: These findings suggested that α-mangostin may be used to enhance the antibacterial activity of some antibiotics against bacteria involved in acne production.

Epidemiología de la faringitis aguda bacteriana en un hospital general de agudos / Epidemiology of acute bacterial pharyngitis in a general acute care hospital / Epidemiologia da faringite bacteriana aguda em um hospital geral de cuidados agudos

La faringitis aguda bacteriana (FAB) representa entre un 20 a 30% de las faringitis. El principal agente causal es Streptococcus pyogenes. Se revisó retrospectivamente la información microbiológica disponible entre 2010 y 2016, para analizar la incidencia de la FAB, sus agentes causales, la incidencia de casos según el período estacional y rango etario. Se determinó el porcentaje de resistencia (R) de S. pyogenes a eritromicina y el fenotipo predominante. Se diagnosticó FAB en 21,5% de 3.246 cultivos, donde 89% fueron causados por S. pyogenes. El 35,3% de las FAB se presentó en niños de 7 a 10 años, seguido por el grupo de mayores de 15 años (31,3%). Se evidenció un aumento de faringitis por Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis en 2011 y 2014; 56,2% de los casos se diagnosticaron en mayores de 15 años. Hubo 3 casos de FAB por Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. El 36,1% de las faringitis se presentaron en primavera, con un aumento significativo durante las correspondientes a 2010 y 2016. La R global a eritromicina en S. pyogenes fue del 16,6% con predominio del fenotipo M. El valor de R encontrado fue superior al ser comparado con otras estadísticas similares, lo que demostró la importancia de monitorear este dato, dado que es el antibiótico alternativo en pacientes alérgicos a penicilina.

Acute bacterial pharyngitis (ABP) accounts for 20 to 30% of acute pharyngitis. The most common bacterial agent is Streptococcus pyogenes. A retrospective, record-based study was carried out based on the microbiological records from 2010 to 2016, analyzing ABP's incidence, its causal agents and its incidence according to the season and age range. Erythromycin resistance and the main resistance phenotype were determined in S. pyogenes. Acute bacterial pharyngitis was diagnosed in 21.5% out of 3.246 cultures, 89% were due to S. pyogenes, 36.3% of patients were children between 7 to 10 years old and 31.3% were older than 15 years of age. There was a significant increase in pharyngitis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis since 2010 (p<0.05), 52.5% were detected in patients older than 15 years of age. There were only three cases of ABP produced by Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. A total of 36.1% of pharyngitis occurred during spring, with a significant increase during 2010 and 2016 springs. Global erythromycin resistance in S. pyogenes was 16.6% with predominance of the M phenotype. This resistance rate is higher than that described in other similar series, demonstrating the importance of continuously monitoring of macrolide R in S. pyogenes, since they are the antibiotics of choice to treat pharyngitis in patients allergic to penicillin.

A faringite bacteriana aguda (FAB) representa entre 20 e 30% das faringites. O principal agente causador é Streptococcus pyogenes. Foi revista retrospectivamente a informação microbiológica disponível entre 2010 e 2016, para analisar a incidência da FAB, seus agentes causadores, a incidência de casos de acordo com o período sazonal e a faixa etária. A percentagem de resistência (R) de S. pyogenes à eritromicina e ao fenótipo predominante foram determinadas. Foi diagnosticado FAB em 21,5% de 3,246 culturas, 89% das quais foram causadas por S. pyogenes. 35,3% das FAB se apresentou em crianças de 7 a 10 anos, seguidas pelo grupo de mais de 15 anos (31,3%). Houve aumento de faringite por Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis em 2011 e 2014; 56,2% dos casos foram diagnosticados em jovens de mais de 15 anos. Houve 3 casos de FAB por Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. 36,1% das faringites ocorreu na primavera, com um aumento significativo em 2010 e 2016. A R global a eritromicina em S. pyogenes foi de 16,6% com prevalência do fenótipo M. O valor de R encontrado foi superior em comparação com outras estatísticas semelhantes, demonstrando a importância de monitorar esse dado, pois é o antibiótico alternativo em pacientes alérgicos à penicilina.

Susceptibility of Streptococcus agalactiae to erythromycin and clindamycin in pregnant women in the prenatal screening

Introduction: Group B streptococcus (GBS), or Streptococcus agalactiae, is a bacterium found in normal human microbiota. However, it may cause neonatal pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Genital colonization in pregnant women is associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. The treatment of choice is antibiotic therapy with beta-lactams, but in the case of multidrug-resistance, erythromycin and clindamycin can be used. Methods: This study evaluated bacterial cultures in the period from 2014 to 2015 from a group of 29,875 pregnant women. GBS colonization and resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were investigated. Results: Positive cultures were found in 26.8% and 26.1% of the samples in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Levels of resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin were, respectively, 2.4% and 5.5% in 2014 and 3.2% and 6.5% in 2015. Conclusion: The investigation of GBS colonization and the evaluation of GBS resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin are of extreme relevance, given the increasing incidence of bacterial resistance, risks of preterm birth. (AU)

Clinical efficacy of erythromycin combined with azithromycin in the treatment of children with mycoplasma pneumonia / 中国基层医药

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy of erythromycin combined with azithromycin in the treatment of mycoplasma pneumonia in children.Methods 98 children with mycoplasma pneumonia were selected.According to the digital chart,the patients were randomly divided into the observation group and control group,with 49 cases in each group.On the basis of routine treatment,the control group was treated with azithromycin,and the observation group received erythromycin combined with azithromycin.After treatment,the disappearance time of the disease (fever,cough,pulmonary rale),hospitalization time and adverse reactions were observed in the two groups,and the clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared.Results The total effective rate in the observation group was 95.91％,which was significantly higher than that in the control group (79.5％),and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =4.721,P ＜ 0.05).Compared with the control group,the disappearance time (fever,cough,pulmonary rales) and hospitalization time of the observation group were significantly decreased (t =1.965,1.943,1.987,1.952,all P ＜ 0.01).The incidence rate of adverse reactions in the control group was 8.16％,which in the observation group was 12.24％,there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (x2 =0.445,P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with azithromycin alone,erythromycin combined with azithromycin is effective and safe in the treatment of children with mycoplasma pneumonia.It is beneficial to shorten the course of treatment and improve the efficacy,and is worthy of further popularization and application.

Effect of red and blue light combined with erythromycin gel in ther treatment of acne / 中国基层医药

Objective To study the effect of red and blue light combined with erythromycin gel in ther treatment of acne.Methods 100 acne patients were selected,they were randomly divided into two groups according to the digital table,50 cases in each group.The observation group was treated with red and blue light combined with erythromycin gel,the control group was treated with erythromycin gel alone.The improvement of the quality of life and treatment effect were compared.Results The difference of total effective rate between the observation group and the control group was statistically significant (90％ vs.70％,x2 =6.250,P =0.023).After treatment,the self-perception [(14.28 ± 1.05) points vs.(14.28 ± 1.05) points,t =6.009,P =0.007],acne distribution [(14.00 ± 2.25) points vs.(14.69 ± 2.05) points,t =6.028,P =0.006],emotional function [(13.50 ± 2.20) points vs.(13.27 ± 2.01) points,t =7.827,P =0.001],social function [(11.03 ± 1.84) points vs.(11.30 ± 1.79) points,t =5.892,P =0.012],overall cognition [(13.33 ± 1.05)points vs.(13.00 ± 1.23) points,t =5.772,P =0.015] had statistically significant differences between the two groups (all P ＜ 0.05).The incidence rate of adverse reactions between the two groups had statistically significant difference (4％ vs.24％,x2 =8.306,P =0.008).Conclusion Red and blue light combined with erythromycin gel in the treatment of acne has good effect,less complications,it can significantly improve quality of life of patients.

Effect of atomization inhalation of ambroxol hydrochloride combined with erythromycin on high sensitivity C reactive protein, myocardial enzyme level in neonatal pneumonia patients / 中国基层医药

Objective To investigate the effect of ambroxol atomization inhalation combined with erythromycin on neonatal pneumonia patients and its influence on high sensitivity C reactive protein( hs-CRP) ,myocardial enzyme level. Methods 100 cases of neonatal pneumonia were selected and they were randomly divided into observation group and control group according to the digital table,50 cases in each group. The control group was treated with erythromycin 30mg/kg, 1 time/d. The observation group was given ambroxol ultrasonic nebulizer inhalation, 15 minutes per time,3 times daily,on the basis of the treatment of the control group. The patients were treated for 4 consecutive weeks. The clinical symptoms disappeared time, hs -CRP level, CK -MB level and clinical efficacy were detected and compared. Results Compared with before treatment, the hs - CRP and CK - MB levels were decreased after treatment. Compared with the control group,the hs - CRP[(7. 25 ± 2. 11) mg/L vs. (12. 21 ± 3. 76)mg/L] and CK-MB[(21. 31 ± 4. 42) U/L vs. (27. 12 ± 3. 17) U/L] levels in the observation group were lower(t=8. 134,7. 553,all P<0. 05),the clinical symptoms disappeared in a relatively shorter time(t= 6. 520, 11. 824,19. 473,all P <0. 05),the clinical curative effect was better. Conclusion Ambroxol aerosol inhalation combined with erythromycin can reduce hs-CRP,CK-MB levels in neonatal pneumonia patients,and the clinical symptoms of the patients disappeared in a relatively short time, the clinical curative effect is better, has guiding significance in clinic.

Oral azithromycin,oral and intravenous erythromycin treatment of respiratory tract mycoplasma infection curative effect and adverse reaction of contrast / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To summarize analysis of respiratory tract mycoplasma infection in patients with oral azithromycin,oral and intravenous erythromycin treatment the clinical effect and safety.Methods From April 2014 to September 2016 received during the period of 120 patients with respiratory tract mycoplasma infection as the research object,were randomly divided into oral azithromycin, oral erythromycin group and intravenous erythromycin group,all patients were retrospectively analyzed the clinical therapeutic effects and adverse reactions occur.Results The total effective rate in treatment,oral azithromycin is higher than oral and intravenous treatment of erythromycin,Signs and symptoms in the incidence of adverse reactions and improve the time aspect,oral azithromycin is lower than the oral and intravenous treatment of erythromycin,diff there is statistical significance(P<0.05).Conclusion For respiratory tract mycoplasma infection adopt oral azithromycin compared with oral and intravenous erythromycin treatment,the effect is better,shorter symptom improvement,higher security,worthy of clinical popularization and application.

Effect of low-dose erythromycin combined with salmeterol-fluticasone in stable COPD with remission stage of life / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of low-dose erythromycin combined with salmeterol-fluticasone in the treatment of stable COPD, focus on the quality of life and respiratory function of patients.Methods 87 patients with stable COPD admitted to Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital from January 2014 to January 2016 were selected.Patients were divided into two groups by therapeutic methods, observation group ( salmeterol-fluticasone+erythromycin) 46 cases and control group (salmeterol-fluticasone) 41 cases.Six months of treatment, the quality of life of two groups of respiratory function assessment, acute COPD and peripheral inflammatory factor and other indicators of change.Results After treatment, both of the two groups got significantly decreased in SGRQ and MMRC scores, while the observation group was significantly lower than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).After treatment, FEV1/FVC%levels were significantly increased in both groups, but the observation group was significantly higher than the control group, the difference was statistically significant(P <0.05).The cumulative incidence of acute exacerbation of COPD was 10.87%(5/46) in the observation group, which was significantly lower than that in the control group 29.27%(12/41), the difference was statistically significant(Log-rankχ2 =4.833, P=0.028).After treatment, the levels of IL-1βand TNF-αin the peripheral blood of the patients in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <0.05).Conclusion In the treatment of stable COPD, low-dose erythromycin could significantly improve the clinical efficacy, improve the quality of life and respiratory function.

Erythromycin Molecularly Imprinted Two-dimensional Photonic Crystal Hydrogel Sensor / 分析化学

A molecularly imprinted two-dimensional photonic crystal hydrogel sensor was developed with erythromycin as imprinted molecule, polystyrene two-dimensional photonic crystal as templates, methanol as solvent, methacrylic acid as monomers and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate as cross-linkers.The imprinted molecule was removed by methanol/acetic acid (9∶1, V/V).The results showed that the diameter of Debye ring increased 6 mm when the concentration of EM changed from 0 to 1×10-6 mol/L.Namely the lattice spacing decreased 30 nm.In addition, the diameter of Debye ring only increased 1.5 and 2.0 mm when the hydrogel immersed in 1×10-6 mol/L roxithromycin (RM) or erythromycin ethylsuccinate (EEs) solution.The result indicated that the sensor had high selectivity and could be used in determination of erythromycin with low cost and easy operation.